What is Cancer?
Cancer is a complex group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. If the spread is not controlled, it can result in death. Cancer is caused by both external factors (tobacco, infectious organisms, chemicals, and radiation) and internal factors (inherited mutations, hormones, immune conditions, and mutations that occur from metabolism).
Total Epidemiology
According to the latest global data (GLOBOCAN), there are approximately 19.3 million new cancer cases and 10 million cancer-related deaths annually.
Cancer-Specific Mortality
- Lung Cancer: 1.8 million deaths (18%)
- Colorectal Cancer: 916,000 deaths (9.4%)
- Liver Cancer: 830,000 deaths (8.3%)
- Stomach Cancer: 769,000 deaths (7.7%)
- Breast Cancer: 685,000 deaths (6.9%)
Cancer Types in Detail
Derived from epithelial cells which line inner and outer body surfaces. Subtypes include Adenocarcinomas (glandular), Squamous cell (lining cells), and Basal cell (deepest skin layer).
Connective tissue cancers originating in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, or blood vessels. Examples: Osteosarcoma (bone), Liposarcoma (fat tissue).
Cancers of the blood-forming tissues like bone marrow. Characterized by overproduction of abnormal white blood cells (ALL, AML, CLL, CML).
Malignancies that begin in the cells of the immune system (lymphocytes). Divided into Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas.
Originates in plasma cells, another type of immune cell. The abnormal plasma cells build up in the bone marrow and form tumors in bones throughout the body.
Cancers that begin in cells that become melanocytes, which provide pigment. Most melanomas occur in the skin, but they can also start in other tissues like the eye.
Known as Central Nervous System cancers. These are classified by the type of cell in which they first formed and where the tumor is first found in the CNS.
Risk Factors
- Lifestyle: Tobacco, Alcohol, Poor Diet.
- Environment: UV Radiation, Pollution.
- Biological: Genetics, Age, Hormones.
- Infections: HPV, Hepatitis B/C.
Early Symptoms
- Unexplained weight loss
- Persistent fatigue or pain
- Changes in skin or mole appearance
- Lumps or thickening under skin
- Persistent cough or trouble swallowing
Diagnostic Techniques
Biopsy
Removing a small tissue sample for laboratory analysis—the definitive way to diagnose cancer.
Imaging Scans
CT, MRI, PET, and Ultrasound help visualize tumors and determine if cancer has spread.
Blood Tests
Measuring tumor markers and blood cell counts to detect abnormalities and monitor progression.
Molecular Testing
Identifying specific genes, proteins, and other molecules unique to your cancer to tailor treatment.
Genetic Testing
Analyzing DNA for mutations to understand risk and guide personalized treatment targets.
Treatment Modalities
Chemotherapy
Using powerful drugs to kill fast-growing cancer cells throughout the body.
Immunotherapy
Helping your immune system recognize and fight cancer cells more effectively.
Targeted Therapy
Drugs designed to target specific molecules that help cancer cells grow and survive.
Surgery
Physical removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue during an operation.
Radiation
Using high-energy beams (like X-rays) to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
Managing Side Effects
Common challenges during treatment and how to recognize them early.
Nausea & Vomiting
Managed with modern antiemetic drugs and dietary adjustments.
Cancer Fatigue
A deep tiredness not relieved by rest; managed with light activity and nutrition.
Myelosuppression
Lowered blood counts (WBC, Platelets); requires careful monitoring for infection signs.
Pharmacist Counseling Points
Medication Adherence
Taking oral chemotherapy exactly as prescribed is critical for treatment success. Never skip a dose without consulting us.
Safety & Handling
Chemotherapy drugs are hazardous. Store them away from children and pets, and wash hands thoroughly after handling.
Toxicity Reporting
Keep a symptom diary. Report fever, severe diarrhea, or skin rashes to your team immediately.
Drug Interactions
Always inform your pharmacist before starting any herbal supplements or over-the-counter medications.